野生在户外用什么方法保护自己的动物靠什么方法保护自己呢?
拟态
拟态在昆虫类和蜘蛛类中极为普遍,在脊椎动物和植物中也很常见。例如:蝇类和蛾类模仿蜜蜂和黄蜂,可逃避鸟类的捕食。枯叶蝶借助与枯叶相似的外表保护自己免遭其他捕食者的侵袭。尺蠖的样子非常像树枝,不引人注目。凤蝶幼虫与鸟粪相似。生活在海藻中的一种鱼,遇到敌害时,身体侧立不动,似一株植物,从而逃避敌害。
保护色
有些动物的体色与周围环境相似,容易隐蔽自己,还能根据不同的环境来改变身体的颜色,如变色龙、变色蛙、变色蛇、蜥蜴等,想要伤害它们的动物要找到它们就困难了。有些比目鱼也能随着背景的变化而改变体色。青蛙在不同的时间里有不同的体色,先是土灰色再是绿色的。水母、海鞘的躯体几乎透明,能巧妙地隐身于水域中。北极熊的白色皮毛与冰天雪地的环境差不多,不容易被发现。生活在不同环境中的不同螳螂,也有各自的伪装色。蝴蝶是隐身高手。
诈死
动物保持假死状态,捕食者就不会攻击,等捕食者走远了,它们就迅速逃之夭夭。南美大陆的负鼠,当面临危险时,便躺在地上闭上双眼,呼吸缓慢,仿佛死了。狐狸也有类似的装死术。有些不善飞行和跳跃的昆虫,在遇敌来不及躲避时,就会放开足节从树上或草上掉下来,有时腹部朝天或蜷成 团一动不动,犹如死去。
释放烟雾弹
大海里的章鱼和乌贼随身携带装满墨汁的黑囊,遇到危险时,便将墨汁射出,释放烟雾弹,将周围的海水染黑,乘机逃走。
尖刺
刺猬和豪猪的尖刺让猎食者无从下口。刺猬遇敌时,会把身体蜷缩成团,头埋在中间,让敌人手足无措。豪猪遇敌时棘刺竖立抖动,发出“沙沙”声响,紧急时先后退,再用力地扑向敌人,将棘刺插入敌人身体。海胆的胆壳布满棘刺,能指向任何方向。有触感,若是有谁触碰到海胆,那么棘刺就会聚集保护海胆。
盔甲
动物界穿盔甲最出名的是乌龟,它那硬硬的外壳刀枪不入,只要把脑袋和四肢缩进壳里,敌人就无计可施。鳄鱼体表的铠甲是角质化的增厚版的皮肤,很有韧性,能弹开手枪的子弹。面对标枪和弓箭,鳄鱼皮几乎无懈可击。其他一些动物如穿山甲、犰狳、螃蟹、贝类等也是靠盔甲保护自己。
断臂
章鱼有八只腕手,当某一只腕手被敌害捉住时,它便立即将这只腕手抛弃,第二天又开始长出新腕手。壁虎、蜥蜴、螃蟹在生命攸关时,会用断肢残体的方式来保全性命。海参遇险时会把自己的内脏全部吐出来,拖着空空的躯体隐蔽养伤。海星也有再生能力,即使将它剁成好几块,每一块也会再生成新的海星。蚯蚓、水蛭等也一样。
化学武器
蚂蚁用蚁酸保护自己,放屁虫的屁跟炸弹一样威力巨大,黄鼠狼、臭鼬也是通过放臭屁逃生。
放电
有一些鱼类能用放电的方式进行防御和攻击。比如被称为“深海发电机”的电鳐,一般放电在70到80伏特,人碰到它身体会因受到剧烈的冲击而突然战栗起来。还有一种发电器官更强大的鱼,叫电鳗,放电时电压可达600多伏特,中电的鱼会昏迷。
用毒
比如哈蟆全身都有毒液,可以毒死鳄鱼。眼镜蛇和响尾蛇都有毒牙。眼镜蛇能射出4米远的毒液,一些弱小的动物遭到一次射击就会丧命。毒蛾的幼虫多具鲜明的色彩或斑纹,捕食者常被其毒毛刺伤口腔粘膜。有的蝗虫因常吃一种有毒的植物,并把这种毒素在体内储藏起来,使捕食者中毒。
逃跑
比如羚羊是众多肉食动物的猎物,但它们奔跑速度很快,大多数动物都追不上它。还有会飞的松鼠能快速躲到树上,可以避开大多数陆地上的捕食者。
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